Identification of Affixation in Selulung Dialect

This research aimed at investigating the’ affixation used in Selulung Dialect. The current study was qualitative study and employing Interactive Model Analysis proposed by Miles & Huberman (1994) as the model of data analysis. Through the researcher itself as the main instrument and supported by interview guide, note taking, observation list, word sheet, and recorder, the data were collected. By involving three informants, the data revealed 130 words with affixation and three kinds of affixation process. Those are Prefix {N-}, {a-}, {ma-}, {pa-}, {ka-}, Suffix {-a}, {-e}, {-in}, {-ang}, {-an}, {-ne}, {-ane}, Combination of Affix (Confix) {N-in}, {N-ang}, {ma-an}, and {ma-ang}. The most frequent affix used by the villagers in Selulung is prefix {N-} with 38 words (29.23%) and it has four allomorphs, namely |n-|, |m-|, |ng-|, |ny-|. Dialect, this current research revealed three kinds of affixation process.


INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of language is affected by various factors. One of them is the originality of where the language itself is born so that creates a new characteristic of the language used in a certain place. This phenomenon is called as dialect. According to Chaer & Cipta (1995), dialect is categorized as language variation because it is emerged from the group of people that have a similar place of living and area. This theory is also confirmed by Spolsky (1998), who agree that the use of dialect is indicated as a unique character possessed by the people who lived in a certain area. The use of dialect is frequently invented in Balinese Language, which divided the dialect itself in two major dialect called Bali Age dialect and Bali Dataran Dialect (Bawa & Jendra, 1981). According to Sutrisna, (2011), Bali Aga dialect is independent and original Balinese language that is not affected by certain factors, such as caste and other languages (Yuhha. Y, 2012). Meanwhile, Bali Dataran Dialect is emerged from the intervention of other languages and the system of castes. Selulung dialect is categorized into Bali Aga dialect, which is used by the people who live in Selulung Vilage, Kintamani Dictrict, Bangli Regency. Selulung dialect is used a communication tool (pronunciation, vocabularies, and grammar system). The premielery observation revealed some dialect used by the villagers in Selulung Village, such as "tehing", "tadah", and "ngara", which means "bamboo", "eat", and "no".
However, along the globalization era, this dialect has been rarely used by the villagers in Selulung Village. This phenomenon can manifests as a menace for the people in Selulung to forget and escape their traditional dialect. The Selulung's Vilagers especially the young generation need to acknowledge the basic derivational process on how the dialect is merge through morphological process. This process is done by combining one independent morpheme with the other morpheme so that creates a new word (Nurhayati, 2015& Hamans, 2017. According to Carstairs and McCarthy (2002) and Booij (2005), morpheme is the smallest unit in the word derivation. This additional morpheme can be in form of affixation, in which there is a attachment of bound morpheme (affix) into the morphological base (Kracht, 2007) and Manova (2014). This affixation is divided into three major part; prefix, which is located in front of the root, infix, which is located in the middle of the root, and suffix, which is located at the end of the root (Yunus, 2011). According to (Kridalaksana, 1996), Balinese language culture also modified by affixation, in which the example of prefixes are {ka-}, {sa-}, {pa-}, {pi-}, {a-} and the example of suffixes are {-an}, {-a}, {-n}, {-ing}, {-e}, and {-ne}. This is confirmed by several studies conducted by Sutrisna (2011) analyzing the morphological process of Pelaga Village and Mahadwipa (2011) analyzing affixes in Madenan Village. Besides, Giri, Putra, and Suprianti (2018), Erlina, Budasi, and Wedhanti (2018) conducted research that focused on the affixation in Pemuteran and Penyabangan village. Therefore, in the same year, Famugi, Budasi, and Mahendrayana (2018) also conducted study examining the affixation process in Menyali village. Those previous related study revealed various type of morphological process in certain village in Bali. The difference between this current research and the previous related researches was in the term of setting. Selulung village is categorized as traditional and old village or called as Bali Aga village, in which the culture is required to be preserved.
In order to preserve the traditional dialect of Selulung village, this current study emerged as a respond to this case. The current study investigated the affixation dialect used by Selulung villagers. By investigating the phenomenon presented, this current research is expected to be a source for the young generation to be better exposed towards the dialect used in Selulung. Besides, the young generation is also able to preserve their traditional heritage of Selulung Dialect.

METHOD
This current study is designed as descriptive qualitative study by involving three informants, who originally came from Selulung Village. The main subject was required to give the researcher some accurate information regarding to the topic and the other two informants complete the information given by the main subject. Object analyzed was affixation used in Selulung Vilage. To obtain the data in form of affixes and morphological process, several instruments were employed. The first one was researcher as the main instrument, then supported by observation sheet, interview guide, mobile recorder, and word list. The researcher was conducted by doing observing, then the results of the observation were reported on the researcher dairy. Then, the interview was conducted towards the informants while recording the conversation. The obtained data were analyzed by using Interactive Model Analysis proposed by Miles & Huberman (1994), which consists of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Therefore, to check the data validity and reliability, method triangulation was used.

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FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS
Through the instruments used, the data revealed three kinds of affixes spoken by Selulung's Villagers. The obtained data is presented in this following table below. The observed table 1 above shows the three kinds of obtained affixes spoken by Selulung's villagers in the daily communication. Those are preffix, suffix, and combination of affixes. In the theory proposed by Kridalksana (1996), affixes are divided into four major parts, in which in this obtained data, the affix in form of infix was not identified spoken in Selulung Village. According to the table 1, it can be observed that there are 130 affixes identified in this current study. From the entire 130 data above, the most frequent affixes spoken is in the form of prefix {n-} with 38 words (29.23%). This high percentage of prefix {n-} was influenced by the presence of several allomorphs, such as |n-|, |m-|, |ng-|, |ny-|.

Prefix in Selulung Dialect
The further finding and discussion of prefix {N-} in Selulung dialect is presented in this following table 2 below. Pacek V Nail Macek V To nail Table 2 above reveals the identified prefix {N-} in Selulung Dialect, in which from 130 obtained data, 38 data are identified as prefix {N-}. From the displayed data in table 2, those data were categorized as prefix {N-} because the words undergo morphological process in which there is a replenishment of prefix {N-} in front of the main root. It can be seen from the word Nepuk (v), which is derived from the prefix {N-} and main root Tepuk (V). The first capital of the main root Tepuk is substituted by the prefix {N-}, in which {N-} + Tepuk → NTepuk →Nepuk (V). This morphological process happened to the entire obtained data of prefix {N-}. This prefix has five allomorphs when it is attached to the root, namely |n|, |ŋ|, |ŋə|, |m|, and |ñ|. The identified data in Selulung Vilage revealed three forms of dialect when prefix {N-} is attached to the root. The first one is if the root began with initial vowel /Ʌ/, /ə/, /i/ and initial consonant /b/ and /l/, the prefix {N-} can be inserted without alternating the root of the word. The second is if the root started with initial vowel /Ʌ/ and /ʊ/ and initial consonant /t/ and /d/, the prefix will undergo substitution process. The last is the is a process of regressive assimilation if the root is beginning with consonant /s/, /j/, /c/, /k/, and /g/. This data of prefix {N-} was also identified by Mahadwipa (2011) in his research analyzing Madenan dialect. The next identified affix is prefix {a-}, which is presented in this following table  Table 3 shows the obtained data of prefix {a-} in Selulung Dialect. The data revealed 5 words 3.84 % that is attached by the prefix a-. From the displayed data in table 3, those data were categorized as prefix {N-} because the words undergo morphological process in which there is an addition of prefix {a-} in front of the main root. It can be seen from the word aluhu, which is derived from the prefix a-and main root luhu (n), creates a new term of aluhu. Then the term akude is derived from the root kude (adv) and is inserted by prefix a, creates akude. This data of prefix {a-} was also identified by Mahadwipa (2011) in his research analyzing Madenan dialect. The next identified affix is prefix {ma-}, which is presented in this following table.   (2018) analyzing Menyali Dialect. The next identified affix is prefix {pa-}, which is presented in this following table  Table 5 displays the obtained data identified as prefix {pa-} in Selulung Village. The data identified 3 words 2.30 % of prefix {pa-}. From the data shown in the table 5, there is zero omission of the words' initial. It can been from the term Kraik, which is derived from the prefix {pa-} and the main root Kraik (V), creates a new term Pakraik. When it is attached to the base, it has only one allomorph, which is |pə|. The attachment of prefix {pa-} can be inserted to the words which are begun with the initial /k/, /s/, and /b/ without alternating the root. The next identified affix is prefix {ka-}, which is presented in this following table.  Table 6 shows the obtained data identified as prefix {ka-} in Selulung Village. The data identified 5 words 3.84 % of prefix {ka-}. From the data shown in the table 6, there is zero omission of the words' initial. It can be observed from the word Kadasa, which is derived from the word Dasa and is attached by the prefix {ka-} creates Kadasa. The identified data revealed that if the roots are begun with the initials /p/, /d/, /s/, and /j/, the prefix can be directly attached. However, if the root is begun with the initial vowel /a/, the regressive assimilation is undergone, which can be seen in the term Kancuk.   Table 7 shows the data of suffix found in Selulung Dialect. There are seven kinds of suffix identified in Selulung dialect. The most common suffix found is {-ane} with 8 words (5.71%), then followed by suffix {-e} and {-in} with 7 words (5.38%) each, then {-ang} and {-ne} with 6 words (4.61 %) each, {-a} with 5 words (3.84 %), and {-an} with 4 words (3.07 %). The further discussion of the identified suffix is presented in this following section below.
Suffix {-a} is the most common suffix found in Selulung Dialect. It can be seen in the word Peteka and Jemaka. Petaka is derived from the main form petek and is inserted by the suffix {-a} at the end of the word, so it creates a term called Peteka. The same case happened on the word Jemaka, which is derived from the word Jemak and is added with the suffix {-a}, so it creates a term called Jemake. The next identified suffix is {-e}, in which the establishment of this suffix is by adding the suffix at the end of the root. The word Embere and motore. Embere is derived from the root Ember and is added with suffix {-e} so that creates a new term called Embere (Bucket). The next is suffix {-in}, which is can be found in the word Adengin and Milihin. Adengin is derived from the suffixation process, in which the root Adeng and the suffix {-in} are combined and creates a new term called Adengin (Slowly). The suffix {-in} can be inserted into some level of words, namely verb, adj., noun, and adv. When it is attached into the roots ended with consonant /l/, /g/, /t/, /ʔ/, /p/, /h/, /ŋ/, /n/, and /r/, there is no root changing. Meanwhile, if the root ended with vowel /ɪ/, the allomorph becomes |nɪn|. The fourth suffix is {-ang}, which can be found in the words Jemakang and Sampatang. The suffixation process occurred because the root Jemak (v) is added by suffix {-ang} so that creates a term called Jemakang. This suffix can be attached into some word classes, namely verb, adjective, and noun. When the root is attached with the suffix {-ang}, the context of the word turn into command. Sampatang is derived from the noun root Sampat and is attached with the suffix {-ang} and creates sampatang, which means asking someone to sweep the floor.
The fifth is suffix {-an}, which can be found in the word Lacuran and Sorohan. The derivation of the word Lacuran comes from the base form Lacur (adj), which means "poor" and is added by the suffix {-an} so that creates a new term called Lacuran. Then, suffix {-ne} can be found in the word Sebetne and Bajune. The suffixation process occurred when the root Baju (N), which means cloth is added with the suffix {-ne} so that creates a new term of Bajune. The use of this suffix is to point something. The last suffix found is {-ane}. This suffix was identified in the word Kajaane and Panakne. The use of this suffix refers to the direction and possession. Kajaane is derived from the root Kaja, which means south and is added by the suffix {-ane} becomes Kajaane. Kajaane shows the direction of south. Meanwhile Panakne is derived from the rood panak, which means child and is added with the suffix {-ane} becomes panakane. Panakane refers to the possession, which means her child or his child.  Table 8 shows the combination affixes identified in Selulung Dialect. There were found four confix, namely {n-in}, {n-ang}, {ma-an}, and {ma-ang}. The identified confix {n-in} in Selulung Village is 6 word (4.61%), which can be found in the word Nuturin and Ngincehin. The derivation process of the word Nuturin comes from the main form Tutur then is added with prefix {N-} and ended with the suffix {-in} so that creates the term Nuturin, which means to tell. The same case happened with the word Ngincehin (V), which is attached by the Prefix {N} and suffix {in}. Confix {n-in} identified in Selulung Dialect has four major allomorphs namely |n-ɪn|, |ƞ-ɪn|, |m-ɪn| and |ñ-ɪn|. The next identified confix is {N-ang} with 6 words (4.61%), which can be seen in the words Alusang (V) and Nyemakang (V). There is addition of the prefix {N-} and Sufix {-ang} towards the word Alusang and Nyemakang. Alusang is derived from the main form Alus and is attached by prefix {N-} and Sufix {-ang} so that creates Alusang (V), which means to smoothen. The third identified confix is {ma-an} with 6 words (4.61%). When the root is added with this confix, it is pronounced [mɅ-Ʌn], which can be found in the words Magarapan (V) [mɅgɅrɅpɅn] "to work". Magarapan is derived from the main root Garap and is attached by prefix {ma-} and suffix {-an}. The last identified confix in Selulung Dialect is confix {ma-ang} with 4 words (3.07%). The derivation process occurred by attaching the prefix {ma-} and suffix {-ang} into the words. It can be seen from the words Mapragatang (V) and Mapalasang (V). The term Mapragatang is derived from the root Pragat (Adj.) and is attached with prefix {ma-} and suffix {-ang} so that creates a term call Mapragatang (V). This data of confix affixation were not identified in the previous related research. It means that affixation in Selulung village had various affixation, meanwhile the other village did not have.

CONCLUSION
Through the observation, note taking, and interviewing conducted in Selulung Dialect, this current research revealed three kinds of affixation process.